PHP XML

http://php.net/manual/en/simplexml.examples-basic.php

IP SPOOFING

http://www.puremango.co.uk/header_src.txt

Unsupervised learning technique to find clusters (subsets of data with similar caracteristics) in unknown data.

 Given a random set of numbers, the problem to solve here is to determine
 a fixed number of intervals that best describe the distribution of the 
initial dataset. Instead of trying to identify how many clusters exists 
in the dataset (also possible, but outside the scope of this article), a
 K-means clustering algorithm will always return a fixed (K) number of 
subsets.

print_r(kmeans(array(1, 3, 2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 1, 30, 36, 45, 3, 15, 17), 3));
 
 
 
function kmeans($data, $k)
{
        $cPositions = assign_initial_positions($data, $k);
        $clusters = array();
 
        while(true)
        {
                $changes = kmeans_clustering($data, $cPositions, $clusters);
                if(!$changes)
                {
                        return kmeans_get_cluster_values($clusters, $data);
                }
                $cPositions = kmeans_recalculate_cpositions($cPositions, $data, $clusters);
        }
}
 
 
function kmeans_clustering($data, $cPositions, &$clusters)
{
        $nChanges = 0;
        foreach($data as $dataKey => $value)
        {
                $minDistance = null;
                $cluster = null;
                foreach($cPositions as $k => $position)
                {
                        $distance = distance($value, $position);
                        if(is_null($minDistance) || $minDistance > $distance)
                        {
                                $minDistance = $distance;
                                $cluster = $k;
                        }
                }
                if(!isset($clusters[$dataKey]) || $clusters[$dataKey] != $cluster)
                {
                        $nChanges++;
                }
                $clusters[$dataKey] = $cluster;
        }
 
        return $nChanges;
}
 
 
 
 
function kmeans_recalculate_cpositions($cPositions, $data, $clusters)
{
        $kValues = kmeans_get_cluster_values($clusters, $data);
        foreach($cPositions as $k => $position)
        {
                $cPositions[$k] = empty($kValues[$k]) ? 0 : kmeans_avg($kValues[$k]);
        }
        return $cPositions;
}
 
function kmeans_get_cluster_values($clusters, $data)
{
        $values = array();
        foreach($clusters as $dataKey => $cluster)
        {
                $values[$cluster][] = $data[$dataKey];
        }
        return $values;
}
 
 
function kmeans_avg($values)
{
        $n = count($values);
        $sum = array_sum($values);
        return ($n == 0) ? 0 : $sum / $n;
}
 
function distance($v1, $v2)
{
  return abs($v1-$v2);
}
 
 
function assign_initial_positions($data, $k)
{
        $min = min($data);
        $max = max($data);
        $int = ceil(abs($max - $min) / $k);
        while($k-- > 0)
        {
                $cPositions[$k] = $min + $int * $k;
        }
        return $cPositions;
}

Output

Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [0] => 1
            [1] => 3
            [2] => 2
            [3] => 5
            [4] => 6
            [5] => 2
            [6] => 3
            [7] => 1
            [8] => 3
        )
 
    [2] => Array
        (
            [0] => 30
            [1] => 36
            [2] => 45
        )
 
    [1] => Array
        (
            [0] => 15
            [1] => 17
        )
 
)

GET /POST

GET method will be showing the information information to the users.But in the case of POST method information will not be shown to the user.


The data passed using the GET method would be visible to the user of the website in the browser address bar but when we pass the information using the POST method the data is not visible to the user directly.